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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Web framework</span></span>

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<p>A <b>web framework</b> (<b>WF</b>) or <b>web application framework</b> (<b>WAF</b>) is a <a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">software framework</a> that is designed to support the development of <a href="Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a> including web services, <a href="Web_resource" title="Web resource">web resources</a>, and <a href="Web_API" title="Web API">web APIs</a>. Web frameworks provide a standard way to build and deploy web applications on the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. Web frameworks aim to automate the overhead associated with common activities performed in <a href="Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a>. For example, many web frameworks provide <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> for <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> access, <a href="Template_processor" title="Template processor">templating</a> frameworks, and <a href="Session_(computer_science)" title="Session (computer science)">session</a> management, and they often promote <a href="Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">code reuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they often target development of <a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web sites</a>, they are also applicable to <a href="Static_web_page" title="Static web page">static websites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Rich_web_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich web application">Rich web application</a></div>

<p>As the design of the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> was not inherently dynamic, early <a href="Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> consisted of hand-coded <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> text files that were published on <a href="Web_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Web servers">web servers</a>. Any modifications to published pages needed to be performed by the pages' author. In 1993, the <a href="Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">Common Gateway Interface</a> (CGI) standard was introduced for interfacing external applications with web servers, to provide a <a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web page</a> that reflected user inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Original implementations of the CGI interface typically had adverse effects on the server load however, because each request started a separate <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent implementations utilize persistent processes amongst other techniques to reduce the footprint in the server's resources and offer a general performance boost.

</p><p>In 1995, fully integrated server/language development environments first emerged and new web-specific languages were introduced, such as <a href="ColdFusion" class="mw-redirect" title="ColdFusion">ColdFusion</a>, <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, and <a href="Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a>.

</p><p>Although the vast majority of languages for creating dynamic web pages have <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> to help with common tasks, web applications often require specific libraries for particular tasks, such as creating <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> (for example, <a href="Jakarta_Faces" title="Jakarta Faces">Jakarta Faces</a>).

</p><p>In the late 1990s, mature, "full stack" frameworks began to appear, that often gathered multiple libraries useful for <a href="Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a> into a single cohesive <a href="Software_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Software stack">software stack</a> for web developers to use.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_framework_architectures">Types of framework architectures</h2></div>

<p>Most web frameworks are based on the <a href="Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller" title="Model–view–controller">model–view–controller</a> (MVC) <a href="Architectural_pattern" title="Architectural pattern">pattern</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model–view–controller_(MVC)">Model–view–controller (MVC)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller" title="Model–view–controller">Model–view–controller</a></div>

<p>Many frameworks follow the MVC <a href="Architectural_pattern_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural pattern (computer science)">architectural pattern</a> to separate the <a href="Data_model" title="Data model">data model</a> into <a href="Business_rule" title="Business rule">business rules</a> (the "controller") and the <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> (the "view"). This is generally considered a good practice as it <a href="Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">modularizes code</a>, promotes <a href="Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">code reuse</a>, and allows multiple interfaces to be applied. In web applications, this permits different views to be presented, for example serving different <a href="Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> for mobile vs. desktop browsers, or providing machine-readable <a href="Web_service" title="Web service">web service</a> interfaces.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Push-based_vs._pull-based">Push-based vs. pull-based</h4></div>

<p>Most MVC frameworks follow a push-based architecture also called "action-based". These frameworks use actions that do the required processing, and then "push" the data to the view layer to render the results.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative to this is pull-based architecture, sometimes also called "component-based". These frameworks start with the view layer, which can then "pull" results from multiple controllers as needed. In this architecture, multiple controllers can be involved with a single view.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-tier_organization">Three-tier organization</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Three-tier_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-tier architecture">three-tier organization</a>, applications are structured around three physical tiers: client, application, and database.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The database is normally an <a href="Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">RDBMS</a>. The application contains the business logic, running on a server and communicates with the client using <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The client on web applications is a web browser that runs HTML generated by the application layer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term should not be confused with MVC, where, unlike in three-tier architecture, it is considered a good practice to keep business logic away from the controller, the "middle layer".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framework_applications">Framework applications</h2></div>

<p>Frameworks are built to support the construction of internet applications based on a single programming language, ranging in focus from general purpose tools such as Zend Framework and Ruby on Rails, which augment the capabilities of a specific language, to native-language programmable packages built around a specific user application, such as <a href="Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management systems</a> (CMS), some mobile development tools and some portal tools.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General-purpose_website_frameworks">General-purpose website frameworks</h3></div>

<p>Web frameworks must function according to the architectural rules of browsers and <a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocols</a> such as <a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>, which is <a href="Stateless_protocol" title="Stateless protocol">stateless</a>. Webpages are served up by a <a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> and can then be modified by the browser using <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. Either approach has its advantages and disadvantages.

</p><p>Server-side page changes typically require that the page be refreshed, but allow any language to be used and more computing power to be utilized. Client-side changes allow the page to be updated in small chunks which feels like a desktop application, but are limited to JavaScript and run in the user's browser, which may have limited computing power. Some mix of the two is typically used.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications which make heavy use of JavaScript and only refresh parts of the page, are called <a href="Single-page_application" title="Single-page application">single-page applications</a> and typically make use of a client-side JavaScript web framework to organize the code.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Server-side">Server-side</h4></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Apache_Wicket" title="Apache Wicket">Apache Wicket</a></li>

<li><a href="CakePHP" title="CakePHP">CakePHP</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalyst_(software)" title="Catalyst (software)">Catalyst</a></li>

<li><a href="CodeIgniter" title="CodeIgniter">CodeIgniter</a></li>

<li><a href="CppCMS" title="CppCMS">CppCMS</a></li>

<li><a href="Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a></li>

<li><a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a></li>

<li><a href="Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a></li>

<li><a href="FastAPI_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="FastAPI (web framework)"> FastAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Grails_(framework)" title="Grails (framework)">Grails</a></li>

<li><a href="Laravel" title="Laravel">Laravel</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojolicious" title="Mojolicious">Mojolicious</a></li>

<li><a href="Pop_PHP_Framework" title="Pop PHP Framework">Pop PHP Framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenix_(web_framework)" title="Phoenix (web framework)">Phoenix</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a></li>

<li><a href="Sails.js" title="Sails.js">Sails.js</a></li>

<li><a href="Seaside_(software)" title="Seaside (software)">Seaside (software)</a></li>

<li><a href="Symfony" title="Symfony">Symfony</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_MVC" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring MVC">Spring MVC</a></li>

<li><a href="Wt_(web_toolkit)" title="Wt (web toolkit)">Wt (web toolkit)</a></li>

<li><a href="Zend_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Zend Framework">Zend Framework</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Client-side">Client-side</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Single-page_application" title="Single-page application">Single-page application</a></div>

<p>Examples include <a href="Backbone.js" title="Backbone.js">Backbone.js</a>, <a href="AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a>, <a href="Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a>, <a href="Ember.js" title="Ember.js">Ember.js</a>, <a href="React_(software)" title="React (software)">ReactJS</a>, <a href="JQuery_UI" title="JQuery UI">jQuery UI</a>, <a href="Svelte" title="Svelte">Svelte</a>, and <a href="Vue.js" title="Vue.js">Vue.js</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capabilities_and_Trade-offs_in_Modern_Frameworks">Capabilities and Trade-offs in Modern Frameworks</h3></div>

<p>JavaScript-based web application frameworks, such as React and Vue, provide extensive capabilities but come with associated trade-offs. These frameworks often extend or enhance features available through native web technologies, such as routing, component-based development, and state management. While native web standards, including Web Components, modern JavaScript APIs like Fetch and ES Modules, and browser capabilities like Shadow DOM, have advanced significantly, frameworks remain widely used for their ability to enhance developer productivity, offer structured patterns for large-scale applications, simplify handling edge cases, and provide tools for performance optimization. <sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Frameworks can introduce abstraction layers that may contribute to performance overhead, larger bundle sizes, and increased complexity. Modern frameworks, such as React 18 and Vue 3, address these challenges with features like concurrent rendering, tree-shaking, and selective hydration. While these advancements improve rendering efficiency and resource management, their benefits depend on the specific application and implementation context. Lightweight frameworks, such as Svelte and Preact, take different architectural approaches, with Svelte eliminating the virtual DOM entirely in favor of compiling components to efficient JavaScript code, and Preact offering a minimal, compatible alternative to React. Framework choice depends on an application’s requirements, including the team’s expertise, performance goals, and development priorities. <sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A newer category of web frameworks, including enhance.dev, Astro, and Fresh, leverages native web standards while minimizing abstractions and development tooling. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These solutions emphasize <a href="Progressive_enhancement" title="Progressive enhancement">progressive enhancement</a>, <a href="Server-side_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side rendering">server-side rendering</a>, and optimizing performance. Astro renders static HTML by default while hydrating only interactive parts. Fresh focuses on server-side rendering with zero runtime overhead. Enhance.dev prioritizes progressive enhancement patterns using Web Components. While these tools reduce reliance on client-side JavaScript by shifting logic to build-time or server-side execution, they still use JavaScript where necessary for interactivity. This approach makes them particularly suitable for performance-critical and content-focused applications. <sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<p>Frameworks typically set the <a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> of a program and allow the user of the framework to "hook into" that flow by exposing various events.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "<a href="Inversion_of_control" title="Inversion of control">inversion of control</a>" design pattern is considered to be a defining principle of a framework, and benefits the code by enforcing a common flow for a team which everyone can customize in similar ways.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some popular "microframeworks" such as Ruby's <a href="Sinatra_(software)" title="Sinatra (software)">Sinatra</a> (which inspired <a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a>) allow for "middleware" hooks prior to and after HTTP requests. These middleware functions can be anything, and allow the user to define logging, authentication and session management, and redirecting.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_template_system">Web template system</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Web_template_system" title="Web template system">Web template system</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caching">Caching</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Web_cache" title="Web cache">Web cache</a></div>

<p>Web caching is the <a href="Web_cache" title="Web cache">caching</a> of <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> <a href="Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">documents</a> in order to reduce <a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> usage, <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">server</a> <a href="Load_(computing)" title="Load (computing)">load</a>, and perceived "<a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">lag</a>". A web cache stores copies of documents passing through it; subsequent requests may be satisfied from the cache if certain conditions are met. Some application frameworks provide mechanisms for caching documents and bypassing various stages of the page's preparation, such as database access or template interpretation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Web_application_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Web application security">Web application security</a></div>

<p>Some web frameworks come with <a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> and <a href="Authorization" title="Authorization">authorization</a> frameworks, that enable the <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> to identify the users of the application, and restrict access to functions based on some defined criteria. <a href="Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a> is one example that provides role-based access to pages, and provides a web-based interface for creating users and assigning them roles.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Database_access,_mapping_and_configuration">Database access, mapping and configuration</h3></div>

<p>Many web frameworks create a unified <a href="API" title="API">API</a> to a database backend, enabling web applications to work with a variety of databases with no code changes, and allowing programmers to work with higher-level concepts. Additionally, some <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> frameworks contain mapping tools to provide <a href="Object-relational_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-relational mapping">object-relational mapping</a>, which maps <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">objects</a> to <a href="Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ActiveRecordBasics_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActiveRecordBasics-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some frameworks minimize web application configuration through the use of <a href="Introspection_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Introspection (computer science)">introspection</a> and/or following well-known conventions. For example, many Java frameworks use <a href="Hibernate_(Java)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernate (Java)">Hibernate</a> as a persistence layer, which can generate a database schema at runtime capable of persisting the necessary information. This allows the application designer to design business objects without needing to explicitly define a database schema. Frameworks such as <a href="Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> can also work in reverse, that is, define properties of model objects at runtime based on a database schema.<sup id="cite_ref-ActiveRecordBasics_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActiveRecordBasics-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other features web frameworks may provide include <a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">transactional support</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">database migration tools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ActiveRecordBasics_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActiveRecordBasics-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URL_mapping">URL mapping</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Front_controller" title="Front controller">Front controller</a> and <a href="URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a></div>

<p>A framework's <a href="Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> mapping or routing facility is the mechanism by which the framework interprets URLs. Some frameworks, such as Drupal and Django, match the provided URL against pre-determined patterns using <a href="Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, while some others use <a href="Rewriting" title="Rewriting">rewriting</a> techniques to translate the provided URL into one that the underlying engine will recognize. Another technique is that of <a href="Graph_traversal" title="Graph traversal">graph traversal</a> such as used by <a href="Zope" title="Zope">Zope</a>, where a URL is decomposed in steps that traverse an object graph (of models and views).

</p><p>A URL mapping system that uses pattern matching or rewriting to route and handle requests allows for <a href="URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">shorter</a> more "<a href="Friendly_URL" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly URL">friendly URLs</a>" to be used, increasing the simplicity of the site and allowing for better indexing by search engines. For example, a URL that ends with "/page.cgi?cat=science&topic=physics" could be changed to simply "/page/science/physics". This makes the URL easier for people to remember, read and write, and provides search engines with better information about the structural layout of the site. A graph traversal approach also tends to result in the creation of friendly URLs. A shorter URL such as "/page/science" tends to exist by default as that is simply a shorter form of the longer traversal to "/page/science/physics".

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ajax_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajax framework">Ajax framework</a></div>

<p><a href="Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a>, shorthand for "<i><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous</a> <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a></i>", is a web development technique for creating web applications. The intent is to make web pages feel more responsive by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes, so that the entire web page does not have to be reloaded each time the user requests a change. This is intended to increase a web page's interactivity, speed, maintainability, and <a href="Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Due to the complexity of Ajax programming in JavaScript, there are numerous <a href="Ajax_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajax framework">Ajax frameworks</a> that exclusively deal with Ajax support. Some Ajax frameworks are even embedded as a part of larger frameworks. For example, the <a href="JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a> <a href="JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a> is included in Ruby on Rails.

</p><p>With the increased interest in developing "<a href="Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>" <a href="Rich_web_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich web application">rich web applications</a>, the complexity of programming directly in Ajax and JavaScript has become so apparent that compiler technology has stepped in, to allow developers to code in high-level languages such as Java, Python and Ruby. The first of these compilers was <a href="Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a> followed by <a href="Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a>, with ports to Python and Ruby in the form of <a href="Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a> and RubyJS following some time after. These compilers and their associated widget set libraries make the development of rich media Ajax applications much more akin to that of developing desktop applications.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_services">Web services</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a></div>

<p>Some frameworks provide tools for creating and providing web services. These utilities may offer similar tools as the rest of the web application.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_resources">Web resources</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></div>

<p>A number of newer <a href="Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> <a href="Representational_state_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational state transfer">RESTful</a> frameworks are now providing <a href="Resource-oriented_architecture" title="Resource-oriented architecture">resource-oriented architecture</a> (ROA) infrastructure for building collections of resources in a sort of <a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> <a href="Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">ontology</a>, based on concepts from <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF).

</p>

<ul><li><a href="CSS_framework" title="CSS framework">CSS framework</a> (for frontend)</li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks</a> (client-side, for frontend)</li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_server-side_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of server-side web frameworks">Comparison of server-side web frameworks</a> (for backend)</li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_framework" title="Application framework">Application framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_over_configuration" title="Convention over configuration">Convention over configuration</a></li>

<li><a href="Don't_repeat_yourself" title="Don't repeat yourself">Don't repeat yourself</a> (DRY)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_web_service_frameworks" title="List of web service frameworks">List of web service frameworks</a></li>

<li><a href="Rich_web_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich web application">Rich web application</a> (obsolete)

<ul><li><a href="List_of_rich_web_application_frameworks" title="List of rich web application frameworks">List of rich web application frameworks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">Solution stack</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Web_frameworks386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_server-side_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of server-side web frameworks">Comparison</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Dynamic_Data" title="ASP.NET Dynamic Data">Dynamic Data</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">Razor</a></li>

<li><a href="ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">Web Forms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a></li>

<li><a href="MonoRail_(software)" title="MonoRail (software)">MonoRail</a></li>

<li><a href="Umbraco" title="Umbraco">Umbraco</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CppCMS" title="CppCMS">CppCMS</a></li>

<li><a href="Drogon_(software)" title="Drogon (software)">Drogon</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adobe_ColdFusion" title="Adobe ColdFusion">ColdFusion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ColdBox_Platform" title="ColdBox Platform">ColdBox Platform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Servant_(web_framework)" title="Servant (web framework)">Servant</a></li>

<li><a href="Yesod_(web_framework)" title="Yesod (web framework)">Yesod</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AppFuse" title="AppFuse">AppFuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Grails_(framework)" title="Grails (framework)">Grails</a></li>

<li><a href="ICEfaces" title="ICEfaces">ICEfaces</a></li>

<li><a href="JHipster" title="JHipster">JHipster</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_Faces#JSF_and_Ajax" title="Jakarta Faces">Mojarra</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_Application_Platform" title="Remote Application Platform">Remote Application Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Sling" title="Apache Sling">Sling</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_Framework#Model-view-controller_framework" title="Spring Framework">Spring</a></li>

<li><a href="Stripes_(framework)" title="Stripes (framework)">Stripes</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Struts" title="Apache Struts">Struts</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Tapestry" title="Apache Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaadin" title="Vaadin">Vaadin</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Wicket" title="Apache Wicket">Wicket</a></li>

<li><a href="WaveMaker" title="WaveMaker">WaveMaker</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a>/<a href="AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a></li>

<li><a href="Backbone.js" title="Backbone.js">Backbone.js</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Closure_Tools" title="Google Closure Tools">Closure</a></li>

<li><a href="Dojo_Toolkit" title="Dojo Toolkit">Dojo Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ember.js" title="Ember.js">Ember.js</a></li>

<li><a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a></li>

<li><a href="Fastify" title="Fastify">Fastify</a></li>

<li><a href="JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a></li>

<li><a href="Knockout.js" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockout.js">Knockout.js</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteor_(web_framework)" title="Meteor (web framework)">Meteor</a></li>

<li><a href="MooTools" title="MooTools">MooTools</a></li>

<li><a href="NestJS" title="NestJS">NestJS</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenUI5" title="OpenUI5">OpenUI5</a></li>

<li><a href="Prototype_JavaScript_Framework" title="Prototype JavaScript Framework">Prototype</a></li>

<li><a href="React_(software)" title="React (software)">React</a></li>

<li><a href="Remix_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remix (web framework)">Remix</a></li>

<li><a href="Sencha_Touch" title="Sencha Touch">Sencha Touch</a></li>

<li><a href="SproutCore" title="SproutCore">SproutCore</a></li>

<li><a href="Svelte" title="Svelte">Svelte</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catalyst_(software)" title="Catalyst (software)">Catalyst</a></li>

<li><a href="Dancer_(software)" title="Dancer (software)">Dancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Maypole_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Maypole framework">Maypole</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojolicious" title="Mojolicious">Mojolicious</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGUI" title="WebGUI">WebGUI</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CakePHP" title="CakePHP">CakePHP</a></li>

<li><a href="CodeIgniter" title="CodeIgniter">CodeIgniter</a></li>

<li><a href="Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a></li>

<li><a href="EZ_Publish" title="EZ Publish">eZ Publish</a></li>

<li><a href="FuelPHP" title="FuelPHP">FuelPHP</a></li>

<li><a href="Gyroscope_(software)" title="Gyroscope (software)">Gyroscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Horde_(software)" title="Horde (software)">Horde</a></li>

<li><a href="Joomla" title="Joomla">Joomla!</a></li>

<li><a href="Laminas" title="Laminas">Laminas</a></li>

<li><a href="Laravel" title="Laravel">Laravel</a></li>

<li><a href="Midgard_(software)" title="Midgard (software)">Midgard</a></li>

<li><a href="Phalcon_(framework)" title="Phalcon (framework)">Phalcon</a></li>

<li><a href="PHP-Fusion" title="PHP-Fusion">PHP-Fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="PRADO_(framework)" title="PRADO (framework)">PRADO</a></li>

<li><a href="ProcessWire" title="ProcessWire">ProcessWire</a></li>

<li><a href="Qcodo" title="Qcodo">Qcodo</a></li>

<li><a href="Silverstripe_CMS" title="Silverstripe CMS">Silverstripe</a></li>

<li><a href="Symfony" title="Symfony">Symfony</a></li>

<li><a href="WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a></li>

<li><a href="XOOPS" title="XOOPS">XOOPS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zope#BlueBream" title="Zope">BlueBream</a></li>

<li><a href="CherryPy" title="CherryPy">CherryPy</a></li>

<li><a href="CubicWeb" title="CubicWeb">CubicWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a></li>

<li><a href="FastAPI" title="FastAPI">FastAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevow" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevow">Nevow</a></li>

<li><a href="Pylons_project#Pylons_Framework" title="Pylons project">Pylons</a></li>

<li><a href="Pylons_project#Pyramid" title="Pylons project">Pyramid</a></li>

<li><a href="Quixote_(web_framework)" title="Quixote (web framework)">Quixote</a></li>

<li><a href="Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Padrino_(web_framework)" title="Padrino (web framework)">Padrino</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinatra_(software)" title="Sinatra (software)">Sinatra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rocket_(web_framework)" title="Rocket (web framework)">Rocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Scalatra" title="Scalatra">Scalatra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Seaside_(software)" title="Seaside (software)">Seaside</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oracle_Application_Express" title="Oracle Application Express">Application Express</a> (<a href="PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Grails_(framework)" title="Grails (framework)">Grails</a> (<a href="Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a>)</li>

<li><a href="OpenACS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenACS">OpenACS</a> (<a href="Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Phoenix_(web_framework)" title="Phoenix (web framework)">Phoenix</a> (<a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Shiny_(web_framework)" title="Shiny (web framework)">Shiny (web framework)</a> (<a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>)</li>

<li><a href="SproutCore" title="SproutCore">SproutCore</a> (<a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>-<a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Yaws_(web_server)" title="Yaws (web server)">Yaws</a> (<a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_interfaces26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Web_interfaces26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_API" title="Web API">Web interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Server-side154"><a href="Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">Server-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li>

<li><a href="JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li>

<li><a href="Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a> vs. <a href="Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side89"><a href="Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a>

<ul><li><a href="NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li>

<li><a href="NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a>

<li><a href="ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_video" title="HTML video">Video</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Messaging" title="Web Messaging">Web messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_worker" title="Web worker">Web worker</a></li>

<li><a href="XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DOM_event" title="DOM event">DOM events</a></li>

<li><a href="W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_SQL_Database" title="Web SQL Database">Web SQL Database</a> (formerly W3C)</li>

<li><a href="WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> and <a href="Remote_scripting" title="Remote scripting">Remote scripting</a> vs. <a href="Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Browser extension</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="Cross-origin_resource_sharing" title="Cross-origin resource sharing">CORS</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydration_(web_development)" title="Hydration (web development)">Hydration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li>

<li><a href="Client-side_persistent_data" title="Client-side persistent data">Persistent data</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_web_page#Client-side_scripting" title="Dynamic web page">Scripting</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend">Frontend and backend</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a>

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Push_technology" title="Push technology">Push technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">Solution stack</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Static_web_page" title="Static web page">Static</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">Dynamic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_API_security" title="Web API security">Web API security</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_application" title="Web application">Web application</a>

<li><a href="Single-page_application" title="Single-page application">Single-page</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_web_app" title="Progressive web app">Progressive</a></li></ul></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Web_framework&oldid=1300797229">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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